Abstract INTRODUCTION Mayaro virus (MAYV) was found in Pará state, Brazil, in 1955. Since then, sporadic outbreaks have occurred in different regions of the country. METHODS: Serum sample were collected from 49 individuals in 2016 and were initially tested for dengue virus (DENV) by real-time (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR). DENV-negative samples were tested for MAYV and Oropouche virus (OROV) by multiplexed RT quantitative PCR. RESULTS: All samples were negative for DENV and OROV, but MAYV was detected in four samples. CONCLUSIONS: Differential diagnoses of acute febrile syndrome are required, especially in regions where several arboviruses with similar clinical manifestations are endemic.

Resumo Pouco se sabe sobre o uso da anticoncepção de emergência entre mulheres de diferentes regiões do país. Este estudo analisou o uso da anticoncepção de emergência e os aspectos associados, bem como o uso de métodos contraceptivos antes e após. Trata-se de estudo transversal, conduzido com 2.051 mulheres de 18-49 anos, usuárias de 76 Unidades Básicas de Saúde de São Paulo-SP, Aracaju-SE e Cuiabá-MT. Os aspectos associados ao uso da anticoncepção de emergência foram analisados por meio de regressão logística múltipla. Mais da metade das mulheres relatou já ter usado a anticoncepção de emergência (56,7%). Ter alta escolaridade, ser de grupo socioeconômico mais favorecido, ter trabalho remunerado e ter tido quatro ou mais parceiros sexuais associou-se com uso de anticoncepção de emergência. Ter 35 anos de idade ou mais e estar em união estável associou-se negativamente. Da última vez que usaram a anticoncepção de emergência, 53,2% usavam outro método, sendo preservativo masculino e pílula oral os mais frequentes. Das que não usavam método, metade adotou método regular após o uso (51,7%). Conclui-se que a anticoncepção de emergência é amplamente utilizada e parece não contribuir para interrupção do método contraceptivo de uso regular.

Abstract Little is known regarding the use of emergency contraception among women from different regions of Brazil. The use of emergency contraception as well as contraceptive methods before and after coitus was analyzed. This cross-sectional study assessed the use of emergency contraception by interviewing 2,051 women aged between 18 and 49 attending 76 basic health units in three capitals: São Paulo-SP, Aracaju-SE and Cuiabá-MT. Aspects associated with the use of emergency contraception were analyzed by means of multiple logistic regression. Over half of the women reported the use of emergency contraception (56.7%). Having a high level of education, being from a more privileged socioeconomic group, having a paid job and having had four or more sexual partners were associated with the use of emergency contraception. Being 35 years of age or older and being in a stable relationship was negatively associated. The last time they used emergency contraception, 53.2% used another method, with the male condom and oral pill being the most frequent. Of those who did not use the method, half adopted the regular method after using it (51.7%). The conclusion drawn is that emergency contraception is widely used and does not appear to affect the use of the regular contraceptive method.

Resumo Pouco se sabe sobre o uso da anticoncepção de emergência entre mulheres de diferentes regiões do país. Este estudo analisou o uso da anticoncepção de emergência e os aspectos associados, bem como o uso de métodos contraceptivos antes e após. Trata-se de estudo transversal, conduzido com 2.051 mulheres de 18-49 anos, usuárias de 76 Unidades Básicas de Saúde de São Paulo-SP, Aracaju-SE e Cuiabá-MT. Os aspectos associados ao uso da anticoncepção de emergência foram analisados por meio de regressão logística múltipla. Mais da metade das mulheres relatou já ter usado a anticoncepção de emergência (56,7%). Ter alta escolaridade, ser de grupo socioeconômico mais favorecido, ter trabalho remunerado e ter tido quatro ou mais parceiros sexuais associou-se com uso de anticoncepção de emergência. Ter 35 anos de idade ou mais e estar em união estável associou-se negativamente. Da última vez que usaram a anticoncepção de emergência, 53,2% usavam outro método, sendo preservativo masculino e pílula oral os mais frequentes. Das que não usavam método, metade adotou método regular após o uso (51,7%). Conclui-se que a anticoncepção de emergência é amplamente utilizada e parece não contribuir para interrupção do método contraceptivo de uso regular.

Abstract Little is known regarding the use of emergency contraception among women from different regions of Brazil. The use of emergency contraception as well as contraceptive methods before and after coitus was analyzed. This cross-sectional study assessed the use of emergency contraception by interviewing 2,051 women aged between 18 and 49 attending 76 basic health units in three capitals: São Paulo-SP, Aracaju-SE and Cuiabá-MT. Aspects associated with the use of emergency contraception were analyzed by means of multiple logistic regression. Over half of the women reported the use of emergency contraception (56.7%). Having a high level of education, being from a more privileged socioeconomic group, having a paid job and having had four or more sexual partners were associated with the use of emergency contraception. Being 35 years of age or older and being in a stable relationship was negatively associated. The last time they used emergency contraception, 53.2% used another method, with the male condom and oral pill being the most frequent. Of those who did not use the method, half adopted the regular method after using it (51.7%). The conclusion drawn is that emergency contraception is widely used and does not appear to affect the use of the regular contraceptive method.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Human parvovirus B19 (B19V) is a common pathogen, which on infection causes variety of clinical conditions from benign self-limiting exanthematous disease and other similar pathologies to fetal death. METHODS: We collected 341 serum samples between the first and fourth day after the onset of symptoms from all patients suspected of dengue fever who were attended at Regional Hospital of Tefé. Initially, patients were screened for malaria by blood smear test and negative samples were sent to Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD) situated in Manaus (AM) for dengue testing using semi-nested multiplex PCR. Further, we investigated 44 malaria and dengue-negative samples of children for B19V DNA by nested-PCR. Positive samples were analyzed by BLAST against entire public non-redundant nucleotide database and genotyped by phylogenetic analyses using neighbor-joining clustering method. RESULTS: Eight samples (18.2%) were found to be PCR positive. Fever, headache, ocular pain, and/or muscle pain were reported as the most frequent symptoms by the patients and none were diagnosed with rash at the time of sample collection. Phylogenetic analysis of major capsid protein 2 (VP2) and VP3 coding region showed high similarity with B19V genotype 1. CONCLUSIONS: Our results reveal the spread of B19V genotype 1 in Tefé. Moreover, our results emphasize the significance of laboratorial differential diagnosis using molecular techniques in patients with acute febrile, and thereby aid the health surveillance system in improving patient care even in the remote areas of Amazon.

The Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), located in Manaus, the capital of the State of Amazonas (Western Brazilian Amazon), is a pioneering institution in this region regarding the syndromic surveillance of acute febrile illness, including arboviral infections. Based on the data from patients at the FMT-HVD, we have detected recurrent outbreaks in Manaus by the four dengue serotypes in the past 15 years, with increasing severity of the disease. This endemicity has culminated in the simultaneous circulation of all four serotypes in 2011, the first time this has been reported in Brazil. Between 1996 and 2009, 42 cases of yellow fever (YF) were registered in the State of Amazonas, and 71.4% (30/42) were fatal. Since 2010, no cases have been reported. Because the introduction of the yellow fever virus into a large city such as Manaus, which is widely infested by Aedes mosquitoes, may pose a real risk of a yellow fever outbreak, efforts to maintain an appropriate immunization policy for the populace are critical. Manaus has also suffered silent outbreaks of Mayaro and Oropouche fevers lately, most of which were misdiagnosed as dengue fever. The tropical conditions of the State of Amazonas favor the existence of other arboviruses capable of producing human disease. Under this real threat, represented by at least 4 arboviruses producing human infections in Manaus and in other neighboring countries, it is important to develop an efficient public health surveillance strategy, including laboratories that are able to make proper diagnoses of arboviruses.

Recupera a atuação do antropólogo Charles Wagley como alto funcionário do Serviço Especial de Saúde Pública, programa de cooperação estabelecido entre EUA e Brasil na Segunda Guerra Mundial. Convocado a colaborar nos esforços de guerra, atuou na política de migração do Programa da Borracha. À luz dessa experiência de intervenção, do contexto marcado pela promoção do desenvolvimento e por questões então prementes no campo da antropologia, este estudo propõe-se retomar a obra Uma comunidade amazônica. Trata-se de discutir o estudo de comunidade conduzido na localidade amazônica que Wagley conheceu ainda durante as missões do Serviço e cuja realidade considerou ilustrativa de uma região subdesenvolvida, levando-o a refletir sobre mudança social e o papel das ciências.

The article focuses on the work of Charles Wagley as a top staff member with Serviço Especial de Saúde Pública (Special Public Health Service), a US-Brazil cooperation program established during World War II. Taking into consideration Wagley’s experience with migration policy under Brazil’s Rubber Program, as well as the context of development promotion and the issues then on the anthropological agenda, the article explores Wagley’s community study of the Amazon town he visited while on SESP missions, published in the book Uma comunidade amazônica (Amazon Town). Encountering a reality that he believed emblematic of underdevelopment, Wagley was led to reflect on social change and the role of science.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of sildenafil citrate (SC) on skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in rats. METHODS: Adult male Wistar rats were randomized into three groups: vehicle-treated control (CTG), sildenafil citrate-treated (SCG), and sham group (SG). CTG and SCG had femoral artery occluded for 6 hours. Saline or 1 mg/kg of SC was given 5.5 hours after occlusion. SG had a similar procedure without artery occlusion. Soleus muscle samples were acquired 4 or 24h after the reperfusion. Immunohistochemistry caspase-3 analysis was used to estimate apoptosis using the apoptotic ratio (computed as positive/negative cells). Wilcoxon rank-sum or Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to assess differences among groups. RESULTS: Eighteen animals were included in the 4h reperfusion groups and 21 animals in the 24h reperfusion groups. The mean apoptotic ratio was 0.18±0.1 for the total cohort; 0.14±0.06 for the 4h reperfusion groups and 0.19±0.08 for the 24h groups (p<0.05). The SCG had lower caspase-3 ratio compared to the control groups at the 24h reperfusion time point (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Sildenafil citrate administration after the onset of the ischemic injury reduces IR-induced cellular damage in skeletal muscle in this rat hindlimb ischemia model.

IntroductionIn Manaus, the first autochthonous cases of dengue fever were registered in 1998. Since then, dengue cases were diagnosed by the isolation of viruses 1, 2, 3, and 4.MethodsOne hundred eighty-seven mosquitoes were collected with BioGents (BG)-Sentinel traps in 15 urban residential areas in the Northern Zone of Manaus and processed by molecular tests.ResultsInfections with dengue viruses 1, 2, 3, and 4 and a case of co-infection with dengue viruses 2 and 3 were identified.ConclusionsThese findings corroborate the detection of dengue in clinical samples and reinforce the need for epidemiological surveillance by the Health authorities.

A contribuição do médico sanitarista Belisário Penna (1868-1939) à história da saúde pública no Brasil constitui o tema central do texto. Belisário Penna é retratado aqui a partir de sua militância, dos combates que travou em defesa do saneamento rural e pela melhoria das condições de saúde de toda a população brasileira. O propósito também é situá-lo em meio aos debates de sua época, esclarecendo, por exemplo, como as ideias de Belisário - tão bem apresentadas em suas eloquentes palestras - primavam por se contrapor ao pensamento racista dominante entre as elites do País. Belisário argumentava que os obstáculos ao progresso nacional residiam na precariedade tanto da saúde quanto da instrução pública. Nessa medida, os problemas referidos à questão da eugenia no País eram interpretados sob um prisma otimista: no lugar de determinismos raciais intangíveis, a presença do Estado, por meio de programas de higiene e educação cívica, traria o progresso desejado. O "otimismo sanitário" do combatente mineiro não consistiu em um atributo só dele, mas era compartilhado por outros médicos e intelectuais em torno de movimentos como a Liga Pró-Saneamento, cujas bandeiras acenavam a necessidade de mudanças sociais e alcançaram significativa ressonância popular.

The contribution of the sanitarian Belisário Penna (1868-1939) to the history of public health in Brazil constitutes the central topic of this text. The intellectual, professional, and political profile of Belisário Penna is here reconsidered, in the light of his entrenched defense of rural sanitation, his militancy in favor of the improvement of living conditions in the backlands of Brazil, and his criticism of oligarchical power. The intention is also to point out how he opposed, through a series of speeches of great eloquence, the climate of opinion in Brazil's early Republic. He took in the preoccupations of Brazilian elite with "eugenics," discussing them in a very different, optimistic vein. Belisário Penna opposed the dominant racist thought among the aristocracy of the country, arguing that the real obstacles to the national progress resided in the precariousness of health conditions as much as in the lack of public education. In this sense, Belisário was at the forefront of the intellectual and political circles that supported a determined action of the State, by means of hygiene and civic education programs. Better health, these progressive circles insisted, would bring a solution to the alleged racial "inferiority" of Brazilians. This kind of "sanitary optimism" was not shared by only a few progressive minds, but was the core of social movements such as the Pro-Sanitation League of Brazil, which gathered doctors and intellectuals. These movements propagated the need for social change and received considerable support of the public opinion in the 1920's.

A contribuição do médico sanitarista Belisário Penna (1868-1939) à história da saúde pública no Brasil constitui o tema central do texto. Belisário Penna é retratado aqui a partir de sua militância, dos combates que travou em defesa do saneamento rural e pela melhoria das condições de saúde de toda a população brasileira. O propósito também é situá-lo em meio aos debates de sua época, esclarecendo, por exemplo, como as ideias de Belisário - tão bem apresentadas em suas eloquentes palestras - primavam por se contrapor ao pensamento racista dominante entre as elites do País. Belisário argumentava que os obstáculos ao progresso nacional residiam na precariedade tanto da saúde quanto da instrução pública. Nessa medida, os problemas referidos à questão da eugenia no País eram interpretados sob um prisma otimista: no lugar de determinismos raciais intangíveis, a presença do Estado, por meio de programas de higiene e educação cívica, traria o progresso desejado. O "otimismo sanitário" do combatente mineiro não consistiu em um atributo só dele, mas era compartilhado por outros médicos e intelectuais em torno de movimentos como a Liga Pró-Saneamento, cujas bandeiras acenavam a necessidade de mudanças sociais e alcançaram significativa ressonância popular.

The contribution of the sanitarian Belisário Penna (1868-1939) to the history of public health in Brazil constitutes the central topic of this text. The intellectual, professional, and political profile of Belisário Penna is here reconsidered, in the light of his entrenched defense of rural sanitation, his militancy in favor of the improvement of living conditions in the backlands of Brazil, and his criticism of oligarchical power. The intention is also to point out how he opposed, through a series of speeches of great eloquence, the climate of opinion in Brazil's early Republic. He took in the preoccupations of Brazilian elite with "eugenics," discussing them in a very different, optimistic vein. Belisário Penna opposed the dominant racist thought among the aristocracy of the country, arguing that the real obstacles to the national progress resided in the precariousness of health conditions as much as in the lack of public education. In this sense, Belisário was at the forefront of the intellectual and political circles that supported a determined action of the State, by means of hygiene and civic education programs. Better health, these progressive circles insisted, would bring a solution to the alleged racial "inferiority" of Brazilians. This kind of "sanitary optimism" was not shared by only a few progressive minds, but was the core of social movements such as the Pro-Sanitation League of Brazil, which gathered doctors and intellectuals. These movements propagated the need for social change and received considerable support of the public opinion in the 1920's.

INTRODUÇÃO: Manaus, capital do Estado do Amazonas, com quase 2 milhões de habitantes, está localizada no meio da floresta Amazônica e vem sofrendo surtos de dengue desde 1998. MÉTODOS: Neste estudo, amostras de sangue foram investigadas pela Transcriptase reversa-reação em cadeia da polimerase (RT-PCR), visando identificar os sorotipos de vírus da dengue. RESULTADOS: Soros de fase aguda de 432 pacientes foram testados para a presença do vírus da dengue. Destes, 137 (31,3%) foram considerados positivos. Todos os quatro sorotipos do vírus da dengue foram observados. CONCLUSÕES: A circulação simultânea dos quatro sorotipos da dengue é descrita pela primeira vez em Manaus e no Brasil.

INTRODUCTION: Manaus, the capital city of the state of Amazon with nearly 2 million inhabitants, is located in the middle of the Amazon rain forest and has suffered dengue outbreaks since 1998. METHODS: In this study, blood samples were investigated using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), aimed at identifying dengue virus serotypes. RESULTS: Acute phase sera from 432 patients were tested for the presence of dengue virus. Out of the 432 patients, 137 (31.3%) were found to be positive. All the four dengue virus serotypes were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The simultaneous circulation of the four dengue serotypes is described for the first time in Manaus and in Brazil.

Hantavirus disease is caused by the hantavirus, which is an RNA virus belonging to the family Bunyaviridae. Hantavirus disease is an anthropozoonotic infection transmitted through the inhalation of aerosols from the excreta of hantavirus-infected rodents. In the county of Itacoatiara in the state of Amazonas (AM), Brazil, the first human cases of hantavirus pulmonary and cardiovascular syndrome were described in July 2004. These first cases were followed by two fatal cases, one in the municipality of Maués in 2005 and another in Itacoatiara in 2007. In this study, we investigated the antibody levels to hantavirus in a population of 1,731 individuals from four different counties of AM. Sera were tested by IgG/IgM- enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay using a recombinant nucleocapsid protein of the Araraquara hantavirus as an antigen. Ten sera were IgG positive to hantavirus (0.6%). Among the positive sera, 0.8% (1/122), 0.4% (1/256), 0.2% (1/556) and 0.9% (7/797) were from Atalaia do Norte, Careiro Castanho, Itacoatiara and Lábrea, respectively. None of the sera in this survey were IgM-positive. Because these counties are distributed in different areas of AM, we can assume that infected individuals are found throughout the entire state, which suggests that hantavirus disease could be a local emerging health problem.

A co-infecção natural com os vírus dengue pode ocorre em áreas altamente endêmicas onde diferentes sorotipos têm sido transmitidos por muitos anos. Relatamos aqui quatro casos de co-infecção com DENV-3/DENV-4 detectados por testes sorológicos e moleculares entre 674 pacientes com febre indiferenciada aguda, atendidos em um centro de medicina tropical de referência da cidade de Manaus, Brasil, entre 2005 e 2010. As análises das sequências obtidas indicaram a presença dos genotipos 3 e 1 para DENV-3 e DENV-4 respectivamente.

The natural co-infection with dengue virus can occur in highly endemic areas where different serotypes have been observed for many years. We report here four cases of DENV-3/DENV-4 co-infection detected by serological and molecular tests among 674 patients with acute undifferentiated fever from the tropical medicine reference center of Manaus City, Brazil, between 2005 and 2010. Analysis of the sequences obtained indicated the presence of genotype 3 and 1 for DENV-3 and DENV-4 respectively.

O artigo enfoca o risco e a ocorrência de gravidez não planejada, abortos, conhecimento, acesso e uso da contracepção de emergência entre mulheres com HIV/aids. Utilizou-se abordagem quantitativa observacional realizada através de inquérito domiciliar em Santo André (SP), na qual se constatou que, após a informação sobre a infecção, 62,8% aderiram ao uso do preservativo masculino, 77,2% utilizando-o exclusivamente, 13% associando-o à pílula ou injeções hormonais e 9,8% alternado seu uso com coito interrompido, tabelinha ou duchas vaginais. Falhas mecânicas no uso do preservativo ocorreram com 38% e, somadas às falhas ligadas à alternância com métodos comportamentais, foram responsáveis por 40% dos casos de gravidez não planejada, ocorridas com 24% das entrevistadas, 22% resultando em abortos provocados. A contracepção de emergência era conhecida por 51,4% e apenas 2,7% a utilizaram. Conclui-se que falhas mecânicas ou comportamentais associadas ao uso de preservativo por mulheres com HIV/aids aumentam sua exposição a gestações não planejadas e abortos. É necessário ampliar as opções e fornecimento de métodos anticoncepcionais, incluindo a contracepção de emergência, bem como reorientar constantemente o uso de preservativos entre este público.

This paper focuses both the risk and the occurrence of non-planned pregnancy, abortions, as well as the awareness about and the use of emergency contraception among HIV/aids-infected women. A quantitative observational approach was used after a domiciliary survey in Santo Andre, São Paulo State, Brazil, where it was found that, after receiving the information about the infection, 62.8% adopted the use of male condom, 77.2% using it exclusively, 13% associated with hormone injections, and 9.8% alternated with either interrupted intercourse, fertility schedule or vaginal shower. Mechanical flaws by the use of the preservative occurred to 38%. Added to flaws associated to the alternation with behavioral methods, they caused together 40% of non-planned pregnancy, which occurred to 24% of the interviewed women, 22% resulting in self-provoked abortions. Emergency contraception was known by 51.4%, although only 2.7% had used it. The conclusion is that mechanical or behavioral flaws related to the use of preservative by HIV/aids-infected women increased their exposure to non-planned gestations and abortions. It is needed to amplify both the options and the supply of contraceptive methods, including emergency contraception, with constant re-orientation on the use of preservative among this public.

O artigo enfoca o risco e a ocorrência de gravidez não planejada, abortos, conhecimento, acesso e uso da contracepção de emergência entre mulheres com HIV/aids. Utilizou-se abordagem quantitativa observacional realizada através de inquérito domiciliar em Santo André (SP), na qual se constatou que, após a informação sobre a infecção, 62,8% aderiram ao uso do preservativo masculino, 77,2% utilizando-o exclusivamente, 13% associando-o à pílula ou injeções hormonais e 9,8% alternado seu uso com coito interrompido, tabelinha ou duchas vaginais. Falhas mecânicas no uso do preservativo ocorreram com 38% e, somadas às falhas ligadas à alternância com métodos comportamentais, foram responsáveis por 40% dos casos de gravidez não planejada, ocorridas com 24% das entrevistadas, 22% resultando em abortos provocados. A contracepção de emergência era conhecida por 51,4% e apenas 2,7% a utilizaram. Conclui-se que falhas mecânicas ou comportamentais associadas ao uso de preservativo por mulheres com HIV/aids aumentam sua exposição a gestações não planejadas e abortos. É necessário ampliar as opções e fornecimento de métodos anticoncepcionais, incluindo a contracepção de emergência, bem como reorientar constantemente o uso de preservativos entre este público.

This paper focuses both the risk and the occurrence of non-planned pregnancy, abortions, as well as the awareness about and the use of emergency contraception among HIV/aids-infected women. A quantitative observational approach was used after a domiciliary survey in Santo Andre, São Paulo State, Brazil, where it was found that, after receiving the information about the infection, 62.8% adopted the use of male condom, 77.2% using it exclusively, 13% associated with hormone injections, and 9.8% alternated with either interrupted intercourse, fertility schedule or vaginal shower. Mechanical flaws by the use of the preservative occurred to 38%. Added to flaws associated to the alternation with behavioral methods, they caused together 40% of non-planned pregnancy, which occurred to 24% of the interviewed women, 22% resulting in self-provoked abortions. Emergency contraception was known by 51.4%, although only 2.7% had used it. The conclusion is that mechanical or behavioral flaws related to the use of preservative by HIV/aids-infected women increased their exposure to non-planned gestations and abortions. It is needed to amplify both the options and the supply of contraceptive methods, including emergency contraception, with constant re-orientation on the use of preservative among this public.